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100 GNU make

targets not in the makeﬁle may be speciﬁed, if make can ﬁnd implicit rules that say how to

make them.

Make will set the special variable MAKECMDGOALS to the list of goals you speciﬁed on the

command line. If no goals were given on the command line, this variable is empty. Note

that this variable should be used only in special circumstances.

An example of appropriate use is to avoid including .d ﬁles during clean rules (see

Section 4.13 [Automatic Prerequisites], page 38), so make won’t create them only to imme-

diately remove them again:

sources = foo.c bar.c

ifneq ($(MAKECMDGOALS),clean)

include $(sources:.c=.d)

endif

One use of specifying a goal is if you want to compile only a part of the program, or only

one of several programs. Specify as a goal each ﬁle that you wish to remake. For example,

consider a directory containing several programs, with a makeﬁle that starts like this:

.PHONY: all

all: size nm ld ar as

If you are working on the program size, you might want to say ‘make size’ so that only

the ﬁles of that program are recompiled.

Another use of specifying a goal is to make ﬁles that are not normally made. For

example, there may be a ﬁle of debugging output, or a version of the program that is

compiled specially for testing, which has a rule in the makeﬁle but is not a prerequisite of

the default goal.

Another use of specifying a goal is to run the recipe associated with a phony target

(see Section 4.5 [Phony Targets], page 29) or empty target (see Section 4.7 [Empty Target

Files to Record Events], page 31). Many makeﬁles contain a phony target named clean

which deletes everything except source ﬁles. Naturally, this is done only if you request it

explicitly with ‘make clean’. Following is a list of typical phony and empty target names.

See Section 15.6 [Standard Targets], page 157, for a detailed list of all the standard target

names which GNU software packages use.

all Make all the top-level targets the makeﬁle knows about.

clean Delete all ﬁles that are normally created by running make.

mostlyclean

Like ‘clean’, but may refrain from deleting a few ﬁles that people normally

don’t want to recompile. For example, the ‘mostlyclean’ target for GCC does

not delete li/jointfilesconvert/351026/bgcc.a, because recompiling it is rarely necessary and takes a lot

of time.

distclean

realclean

clobber Any of these targets might be deﬁned to delete more ﬁles than ‘clean’ does. For

example, this would delete conﬁguration ﬁles or links that you would normally

create as preparation for compilation, even if the makeﬁle itself cannot create

these ﬁles.

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