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104 GNU make

9.6 Testing the Compilation of a Program

Normally, when an error happens in executing a shell command, make gives up immediately,

returning a nonzero status. No further recipes are executed for any target. The error implies

that the goal cannot be correctly remade, and make reports this as soon as it knows.

When you are compiling a program that you have just changed, this is not what you

want. Instead, you would rather that make try compiling every ﬁle that can be tried, to

show you as many compilation errors as possible.

On these occasions, you should use the ‘-k’ or ‘--keep-going’ ﬂag. This tells make

to continue to consider the other prerequisites of the pending targets, remaking them if

necessary, before it gives up and returns nonzero status. For example, after an error in

compiling one object ﬁle, ‘make -k’ will continue compiling other object ﬁles even though it

already knows that linking them will be impossible. In addition to continuing after failed

shell commands, ‘make -k’ will continue as much as possible after discovering that it does

not know how to make a target or prerequisite ﬁle. This will always cause an error message,

but without ‘-k’, it is a fatal error (see Section 9.7 [Summary of Options], page 104).

The usual behavior of make assumes that your purpose is to get the goals up to date;

once make learns that this is impossible, it might as well report the failure immediately.

The ‘-k’ ﬂag says that the real purpose is to test as much as possible of the changes made

in the program, perhaps to ﬁnd several independent problems so that you can correct them

all before the next attempt to compile. This is why Emacs’ M-x compile command passes

the ‘-k’ ﬂag by default.

9.7 Summary of Options

Here is a table of all the options make understands:

‘-b’

‘-m’ These options are ignored for compatibility with other versions of make.

‘-B’

‘--always-make’

Consider all targets out-of-date. GNU make proceeds to consider targets and

their prerequisites using the normal algorithms; however, all targets so consid-

ered are always remade regardless of the status of their prerequisites. To avoid

inﬁnite recursion, if MAKE_RESTARTS (see Section 6.14 [Other Special Variables],

page 73) is set to a number greater than 0 this option is disabled when consider-

ing whether to remake makeﬁles (see Section 3.5 [How Makeﬁles Are Remade],

page 14).

‘-C dir’

‘--directory=dir’

Change to directory dir before reading the makeﬁles. If multiple ‘-C’ options

are speciﬁed, each is interpreted relative to the previous one: ‘-C / -C etc’ is

equivalent to ‘-C /etc’. This is typically used with recursive invocations of

make (see Section 5.7 [Recursive Use of make], page 50).

‘-d’

Print debugging information in addition to normal processing. The debugging

information says which ﬁles are being considered for remaking, which ﬁle-times

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