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Chapter 9: How to Run make 105
are being compared and with what results, which files actually need to be
remade, which implicit rules are considered and which are applied—everything
interesting about how make decides what to do. The -d option is equivalent to
‘--debug=a’ (see below).
‘--debug[=options]’
Print debugging information in addition to normal processing. Various levels
and types of output can be chosen. With no arguments, print the “basic”
level of debugging. Possible arguments are below; only the first character is
considered, and values must be comma- or space-separated.
a (all) All types of debugging output are enabled. This is equivalent to
using ‘-d’.
b (basic) Basic debugging prints each target that was found to be out-of-date,
and whether the build was successful or not.
v (verbose)
A level above ‘basic’; includes messages about which makefiles
were parsed, prerequisites that did not need to be rebuilt, etc. This
option also enables ‘basic’ messages.
i (implicit)
Prints messages describing the implicit rule searches for each target.
This option also enables ‘basic’ messages.
j (jobs) Prints messages giving details on the invocation of specific sub-
commands.
m (makefile)
By default, the above messages are not enabled while trying to re-
make the makefiles. This option enables messages while rebuilding
makefiles, too. Note that the ‘all’ option does enable this option.
This option also enables ‘basic’ messages.
n (none) Disable all debugging currently enabled. If additional debugging
flags are encountered after this they will still take effect.
‘-e’
‘--environment-overrides’
Give variables taken from the environment precedence over variables from make-
files. See Section 6.10 [Variables from the Environment], page 70.
‘--eval=string’
Evaluate string as makefile syntax. This is a command-line version of the eval
function (see Section 8.9 [Eval Function], page 93). The evaluation is performed
after the default rules and variables have been defined, but before any makefiles
are read.
‘-f file’
‘--file=file’
‘--makefile=file’
Read the file named file as a makefile. See Chapter 3 [Writing Makefiles],
page 11.
- GNU Make 1
- Short Contents 5
- Table of Contents 7
- 1 Overview of make 11
- 2 An Introduction to Makefiles 13
- 2.2 A Simple Makefile 14
- 2.6 Another Style of Makefile 18
- 3 Writing Makefiles 21
- 3.1.1 Splitting Long Lines 22
- 3.3 Including Other Makefiles 23
- 3.4 The Variable MAKEFILES 24
- 3.5 How Makefiles Are Remade 24
- 3.7 How make Reads a Makefile 26
- Conditional Directives 27
- Rule Definition 27
- 3.8 Secondary Expansion 28
- 4 Writing Rules 31
- 4.2 Types of Prerequisites 32
- 4.3.1 Wildcard Examples 33
- 4.3.3 The Function wildcard 34
- 4.4.2 The vpath Directive 36
- 4.5 Phony Targets 39
- 4.11 Static Pattern Rules 46
- 4.12 Double-Colon Rules 48
- %.d: %.c 49
- @set -e; rm -f $@; \ 49
- 5 Writing Recipes in Rules 51
- 5.2 Recipe Echoing 53
- 5.3 Recipe Execution 54
- 5.3.2 Choosing the Shell 55
- 5.4 Parallel Execution 57
- 5.5 Errors in Recipes 59
- 5.7 Recursive Use of make 60
- 5.8 Defining Canned Recipes 66
- 5.9 Using Empty Recipes 67
- 6 How to Use Variables 69
- 6.3.1 Substitution References 72
- 6.3.2 Computed Variable Names 73
- 6.5 Setting Variables 75
- 6.7 The override Directive 78
- 6.9 Undefining Variables 79
- 6.13 Suppressing Inheritance 82
- 6.14 Other Special Variables 83
- 7.1 Example of a Conditional 87
- 7.2 Syntax of Conditionals 88
- 8.1 Function Call Syntax 93
- 8.3 Functions for File Names 97
- 8.5 The foreach Function 100
- 8.6 The file Function 101
- 8.7 The call Function 102
- 8.8 The value Function 103
- 8.9 The eval Function 103
- 8.10 The origin Function 104
- 8.11 The flavor Function 105
- 8.14 The guile Function 107
- 8.13 The shell Function 107
- 9 How to Run make 109
- 9.5 Overriding Variables 113
- 9.7 Summary of Options 114
- 10 Using Implicit Rules 121
- 10.4 Chains of Implicit Rules 127
- 10.5.2 Pattern Rule Examples 129
- 10.5.3 Automatic Variables 130
- 10.5.4 How Patterns Match 132
- 10.7 Old-Fashioned Suffix Rules 135
- 12 Extending GNU make 143
- 12.2 Loading Dynamic Objects 145
- 12.2.1 The load Directive 146
- Loaded Object Licensing 147
- Data Structures 148
- Registering Functions 148
- Registered Function Interface 148
- GNU make Facilities 148
- Memory Management 149
- 12.2.4 Example Loaded Object 149
- 13 Features of GNU make 153
- 15 Makefile Conventions 159
- 15.2 Utilities in Makefiles 160
- CFLAGS = -g 161
- ALL_CFLAGS = -I. $(CFLAGS) 161
- Appendix A Quick Reference 175
- Index of Concepts 201
- 192 GNU make 202
- Index of Concepts 193 203
- 194 GNU make 204
- Index of Concepts 195 205
- 196 GNU make 206
- Index of Concepts 197 207
- 198 GNU make 208
- 200 GNU make 210
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