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122 GNU make

Of the variables listed above, four have values that are single ﬁle names, and three have

values that are lists of ﬁle names. These seven have variants that get just the ﬁle’s directory

name or just the ﬁle name within the directory. The variant variables’ names are formed

by appending ‘D’ or ‘F’, respectively. These variants are semi-obsolete in GNU make since

the functions dir and notdir can be used to get a similar eﬀect (see Section 8.3 [Functions

for File Names], page 87). Note, however, that the ‘D’ variants all omit the trailing slash

which always appears in the output of the dir function. Here is a table of the variants:

‘$(@D)’ The directory part of the ﬁle name of the target, with the trailing slash removed.

If the value of ‘$@’ is dir/foo.o then ‘$(@D)’ is dir. This value is . if ‘$@’ does

not contain a slash.

‘$(@F)’ The ﬁle-within-directory part of the ﬁle name of the target. If the value of ‘$@’

is dir/foo.o then ‘$(@F)’ is foo.o. ‘$(@F)’ is equivalent to ‘$(notdir $@)’.

‘$(*D)’

‘$(*F)’ The directory part and the ﬁle-within-directory part of the stem; dir and foo

in this example.

‘$(%D)’

‘$(%F)’ The directory part and the ﬁle-within-directory part of the target archive mem-

ber name. This makes sense only for archive member targets of the form

archive(member) and is useful only when member may contain a directory

name. (See Section 11.1 [Archive Members as Targets], page 129.)

‘$(<D)’

‘$(<F)’ The directory part and the ﬁle-within-directory part of the ﬁrst prerequisite.

‘$(^D)’

‘$(^F)’ Lists of the directory parts and the ﬁle-within-directory parts of all prerequi-

sites.

‘$(+D)’

‘$(+F)’ Lists of the directory parts and the ﬁle-within-directory parts of all prerequi-

sites, including multiple instances of duplicated prerequisites.

‘$(?D)’

‘$(?F)’ Lists of the directory parts and the ﬁle-within-directory parts of all prerequisites

that are newer than the target.

Note that we use a special stylistic convention when we talk about these automatic

variables; we write “the value of ‘$<’”, rather than “the variable <” as we would write

for ordinary variables such as objects and CFLAGS. We think this convention looks more

natural in this special case. Please do not assume it has a deep signiﬁcance; ‘$<’ refers to

the variable named < just as ‘$(CFLAGS)’ refers to the variable named CFLAGS. You could

just as well use ‘$(<)’ in place of ‘$<’.

10.5.4 How Patterns Match

A target pattern is composed of a ‘%’ between a preﬁx and a suﬃx, either or both of which

may be empty. The pattern matches a ﬁle name only if the ﬁle name starts with the preﬁx

and ends with the suﬃx, without overlap. The text between the preﬁx and the suﬃx is

called the stem. Thus, when the pattern ‘%.o’ matches the ﬁle name test.o, the stem is

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