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Chapter 13: Features of GNU make 145
• Declare phony targets with the special target .PHONY.
Andrew Hume of AT&T Bell Labs implemented a similar feature with a different syntax
in his mk program. This seems to be a case of parallel discovery. See Section 4.5 [Phony
Targets], page 29.
• Manipulate text by calling functions. See Chapter 8 [Functions for Transforming Text],
page 83.
• Use the ‘-o’ or ‘--old-file’ option to pretend a file’s modification-time is old. See
Section 9.4 [Avoiding Recompilation of Some Files], page 102.
• Conditional execution.
This feature has been implemented numerous times in various versions of make; it seems
a natural extension derived from the features of the C preprocessor and similar macro
languages and is not a revolutionary concept. See Chapter 7 [Conditional Parts of
Makefiles], page 77.
• Specify a search path for included makefiles. See Section 3.3 [Including Other Make-
files], page 13.
• Specify extra makefiles to read with an environment variable. See Section 3.4 [The
Variable MAKEFILES], page 14.
• Strip leading sequences of ‘./’ from file names, so that ./file and file are considered
to be the same file.
• Use a special search method for library prerequisites written in the form ‘-lname’. See
Section 4.4.6 [Directory Search for Link Libraries], page 28.
• Allow suffixes for suffix rules (see Section 10.7 [Old-Fashioned Suffix Rules], page 125)
to contain any characters. In other versions of make, they must begin with ‘.’ and not
contain any ‘/’ characters.
• Keep track of the current level of make recursion using the variable MAKELEVEL. See
Section 5.7 [Recursive Use of make], page 50.
• Provide any goals given on the command line in the variable MAKECMDGOALS. See
Section 9.2 [Arguments to Specify the Goals], page 99.
• Specify static pattern rules. See Section 4.11 [Static Pattern Rules], page 36.
• Provide selective vpath search. See Section 4.4 [Searching Directories for Prerequisites],
page 25.
• Provide computed variable references. See Section 6.1 [Basics of Variable References],
page 59.
• Update makefiles. See Section 3.5 [How Makefiles Are Remade], page 14. System V
make has a very, very limited form of this functionality in that it will check out SCCS
files for makefiles.
• Various new built-in implicit rules. See Section 10.2 [Catalogue of Built-In Rules],
page 112.
• Load dynamic objects which can modify the behavior of make. See Section 12.2 [Loading
Dynamic Objects], page 135.
- GNU Make 1
- Short Contents 5
- Table of Contents 7
- 1 Overview of make 11
- 2 An Introduction to Makefiles 13
- 2.2 A Simple Makefile 14
- 2.6 Another Style of Makefile 18
- 3 Writing Makefiles 21
- 3.1.1 Splitting Long Lines 22
- 3.3 Including Other Makefiles 23
- 3.4 The Variable MAKEFILES 24
- 3.5 How Makefiles Are Remade 24
- 3.7 How make Reads a Makefile 26
- Conditional Directives 27
- Rule Definition 27
- 3.8 Secondary Expansion 28
- 4 Writing Rules 31
- 4.2 Types of Prerequisites 32
- 4.3.1 Wildcard Examples 33
- 4.3.3 The Function wildcard 34
- 4.4.2 The vpath Directive 36
- 4.5 Phony Targets 39
- 4.11 Static Pattern Rules 46
- 4.12 Double-Colon Rules 48
- %.d: %.c 49
- @set -e; rm -f $@; \ 49
- 5 Writing Recipes in Rules 51
- 5.2 Recipe Echoing 53
- 5.3 Recipe Execution 54
- 5.3.2 Choosing the Shell 55
- 5.4 Parallel Execution 57
- 5.5 Errors in Recipes 59
- 5.7 Recursive Use of make 60
- 5.8 Defining Canned Recipes 66
- 5.9 Using Empty Recipes 67
- 6 How to Use Variables 69
- 6.3.1 Substitution References 72
- 6.3.2 Computed Variable Names 73
- 6.5 Setting Variables 75
- 6.7 The override Directive 78
- 6.9 Undefining Variables 79
- 6.13 Suppressing Inheritance 82
- 6.14 Other Special Variables 83
- 7.1 Example of a Conditional 87
- 7.2 Syntax of Conditionals 88
- 8.1 Function Call Syntax 93
- 8.3 Functions for File Names 97
- 8.5 The foreach Function 100
- 8.6 The file Function 101
- 8.7 The call Function 102
- 8.8 The value Function 103
- 8.9 The eval Function 103
- 8.10 The origin Function 104
- 8.11 The flavor Function 105
- 8.14 The guile Function 107
- 8.13 The shell Function 107
- 9 How to Run make 109
- 9.5 Overriding Variables 113
- 9.7 Summary of Options 114
- 10 Using Implicit Rules 121
- 10.4 Chains of Implicit Rules 127
- 10.5.2 Pattern Rule Examples 129
- 10.5.3 Automatic Variables 130
- 10.5.4 How Patterns Match 132
- 10.7 Old-Fashioned Suffix Rules 135
- 12 Extending GNU make 143
- 12.2 Loading Dynamic Objects 145
- 12.2.1 The load Directive 146
- Loaded Object Licensing 147
- Data Structures 148
- Registering Functions 148
- Registered Function Interface 148
- GNU make Facilities 148
- Memory Management 149
- 12.2.4 Example Loaded Object 149
- 13 Features of GNU make 153
- 15 Makefile Conventions 159
- 15.2 Utilities in Makefiles 160
- CFLAGS = -g 161
- ALL_CFLAGS = -I. $(CFLAGS) 161
- Appendix A Quick Reference 175
- Index of Concepts 201
- 192 GNU make 202
- Index of Concepts 193 203
- 194 GNU make 204
- Index of Concepts 195 205
- 196 GNU make 206
- Index of Concepts 197 207
- 198 GNU make 208
- 200 GNU make 210
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